Body - Nested Models¶

With FastAPI, you can define, validate, document, and use arbitrarily deeply nested models (thanks to Pydantic).

List fields¶

You can define an attribute to be a subtype. For example, a Python list:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: list = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

This will make tags be a list of items. Although it doesn't declare the type of each of the items.

List fields with type parameter¶

But Python has a specific way to declare lists with internal types, or "type parameters":

Import typing's `List`¶

In Python 3.9 and above you can use the standard list to declare these type annotations as we'll see below. 💡

But in Python versions before 3.9 (3.6 and above), you first need to import List from standard Python's typing module:

from typing import List, Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: List[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

Declare a `list` with a type parameter¶

To declare types that have type parameters (internal types), like list, dict, tuple:

If you are in a Python version lower than 3.9, import their equivalent version from the typing module
Pass the internal type(s) as "type parameters" using square brackets: [ and ]

In Python 3.9 it would be:

my_list: list[str]

In versions of Python before 3.9, it would be:

from typing import List

my_list: List[str]

That's all standard Python syntax for type declarations.

Use that same standard syntax for model attributes with internal types.

So, in our example, we can make tags be specifically a "list of strings":

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import List, Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: List[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

Set types¶

But then we think about it, and realize that tags shouldn't repeat, they would probably be unique strings.

And Python has a special data type for sets of unique items, the set.

Then we can declare tags as a set of strings:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

With this, even if you receive a request with duplicate data, it will be converted to a set of unique items.

And whenever you output that data, even if the source had duplicates, it will be output as a set of unique items.

And it will be annotated / documented accordingly too.

Nested Models¶

Each attribute of a Pydantic model has a type.

But that type can itself be another Pydantic model.

So, you can declare deeply nested JSON "objects" with specific attribute names, types and validations.

All that, arbitrarily nested.

Define a submodel¶

For example, we can define an Image model:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = []
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = []
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = []
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

Use the submodel as a type¶

And then we can use it as the type of an attribute:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = []
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = []
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = []
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

This would mean that FastAPI would expect a body similar to:

{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",
    "price": 42.0,
    "tax": 3.2,
    "tags": ["rock", "metal", "bar"],
    "image": {
        "url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
        "name": "The Foo live"
    }
}

Again, doing just that declaration, with FastAPI you get:

Editor support (completion, etc), even for nested models
Data conversion
Data validation
Automatic documentation

Special types and validation¶

Apart from normal singular types like str, int, float, etc. You can use more complex singular types that inherit from str.

To see all the options you have, checkout the docs for Pydantic's exotic types. You will see some examples in the next chapter.

For example, as in the Image model we have a url field, we can declare it to be instead of a str, a Pydantic's HttpUrl:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Optional[Image] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

The string will be checked to be a valid URL, and documented in JSON Schema / OpenAPI as such.

Attributes with lists of submodels¶

You can also use Pydantic models as subtypes of list, set, etc:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import List, Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    images: Optional[List[Image]] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: Optional[list[Image]] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: list[Image] | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

This will expect (convert, validate, document, etc) a JSON body like:

{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",
    "price": 42.0,
    "tax": 3.2,
    "tags": [
        "rock",
        "metal",
        "bar"
    ],
    "images": [
        {
            "url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
            "name": "The Foo live"
        },
        {
            "url": "http://example.com/dave.jpg",
            "name": "The Baz"
        }
    ]
}

Info

Notice how the images key now has a list of image objects.

Deeply nested models¶

You can define arbitrarily deeply nested models:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and abovePython 3.10 and above

from typing import List, Optional, Set

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    images: Optional[List[Image]] = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    items: List[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    tax: Optional[float] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: Optional[list[Image]] = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    price: float
    items: list[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: list[Image] | None = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    items: list[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

Info

Notice how Offer has a list of Items, which in turn have an optional list of Images

Bodies of pure lists¶

If the top level value of the JSON body you expect is a JSON array (a Python list), you can declare the type in the parameter of the function, the same as in Pydantic models:

images: List[Image]

or in Python 3.9 and above:

images: list[Image]

as in:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and above

from typing import List

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: List[Image]):
    return images

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: list[Image]):
    return images

Editor support everywhere¶

And you get editor support everywhere.

Even for items inside of lists:

You couldn't get this kind of editor support if you were working directly with dict instead of Pydantic models.

But you don't have to worry about them either, incoming dicts are converted automatically and your output is converted automatically to JSON too.

Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s¶

You can also declare a body as a dict with keys of some type and values of other type.

Without having to know beforehand what are the valid field/attribute names (as would be the case with Pydantic models).

This would be useful if you want to receive keys that you don't already know.

Other useful case is when you want to have keys of other type, e.g. int.

That's what we are going to see here.

In this case, you would accept any dict as long as it has int keys with float values:

Python 3.6 and abovePython 3.9 and above

from typing import Dict

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: Dict[int, float]):
    return weights

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: dict[int, float]):
    return weights

Tip

Have in mind that JSON only supports str as keys.

But Pydantic has automatic data conversion.

This means that, even though your API clients can only send strings as keys, as long as those strings contain pure integers, Pydantic will convert them and validate them.

And the dict you receive as weights will actually have int keys and float values.

Recap¶

With FastAPI you have the maximum flexibility provided by Pydantic models, while keeping your code simple, short and elegant.

But with all the benefits:

Editor support (completion everywhere!)
Data conversion (a.k.a. parsing / serialization)
Data validation
Schema documentation
Automatic docs

Body - Nested Models¶

List fields¶

List fields with type parameter¶

Import typing's List¶

Declare a list with a type parameter¶

Set types¶

Nested Models¶

Define a submodel¶

Use the submodel as a type¶

Special types and validation¶

Attributes with lists of submodels¶

Deeply nested models¶

Bodies of pure lists¶

Editor support everywhere¶

Bodies of arbitrary dicts¶

Recap¶

Import typing's `List`¶

Declare a `list` with a type parameter¶

Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s¶